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A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Undefined array key "userid"

Filename: views/question.php

Line Number: 212

Backtrace:

File: /home/statpmkj/public_html/application/views/question.php
Line: 212
Function: _error_handler

File: /home/statpmkj/public_html/application/controllers/Questions.php
Line: 416
Function: view

File: /home/statpmkj/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

Suppose that X, Y, and Z are jointly distributed random variables, that is, they are defined on the same sample space.

Suppose that we also have the following. 

Compute the values of the expressions below.